Ke kamaʻilio mākou e pili ana i ka aerospace, ʻo ka mea e hiki mai ana i ka noʻonoʻo he mau rockets ikaika, nā mokulele kaua lele, a i ʻole nā astronauts e hele wāwae ana i ka lewa. Akā, ʻaʻole paha ʻoe e ʻike ma hope o kēia lako hana ʻoi loa, he hana koʻikoʻi kahi pauka ʻeleʻele liʻiliʻi -alumina i hoʻopili ʻia me ka ʻeleʻelepauka liʻiliʻi. He ʻano haʻahaʻa iki paha ka inoa, akā mai hoʻohaʻahaʻa. ʻO ka alumina ʻeleʻele i hoʻohui ʻia he ʻano ia o ka mea a mākou e kapa pinepine ai he "emery," me ka paʻakikī ʻelua ma hope o ke daimana, akā ma ke kumu kūʻai kūpono loa. I nā makahiki ma mua, ua hoʻohana nui ʻia no ka wili ʻana i nā metala ma nā huila wili a me ka pepa one, e hana ana ma ke ʻano he lio hana ma ke kahua ʻoihana. Akā, ke hāʻawi nei kēia mea maʻalahi a me ka maʻalahi ʻole i nā haʻawina kupaianaha ma ke kahua "ʻenehana kiʻekiʻe" o ka aerospace.
He Hoʻololi Kupaianaha mai "Grindstone" a i "Protective Shield"
Hoʻoikaika nā mea mokulele i ka "māmā" a me ka "ikaika." Pono nā ʻēheu e māmā e lele i luna a mamao aku; pono ka fuselage e ikaika e kū i ke anu nui ma nā wahi kiʻekiʻe, ka haʻalulu nui i ka wā e uhaʻi ai i ke keʻena kani, a me nā mahana kiʻekiʻe weliweli i loko o ka mīkini. Hoʻokau kēia i nā koi koʻikoʻi ma luna o ka ʻili o ka mea. ʻO kēia kahi epauka liʻiliʻi alumina i hoʻopili ʻiake komo mai nei. Ua ʻike nā ʻenekinia ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻenehana pīpī wikiwiki e "weld anu" i kēia pauka liʻiliʻi ma luna o nā ʻāpana koʻikoʻi e like me nā pahi turbine a me nā paia o ke keʻena kuni, hiki iā lākou ke hana i kahi "pale pale keramika" ʻoi aku ka lahilahi ma mua o ka kui lima akā ikaika loa. ʻOiai kona lahilahi, hoʻolōʻihi kēia papa pale i ke ola o nā pahi i nā manawa he nui ma lalo o ka holoi ʻana o ke kinoea wela kiʻekiʻe 1600-degree Celsius. "Ua like ia me ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka puʻuwai o ka ʻenekini i kahi 'ʻaʻahu pale pōkā'," wahi a kekahi ʻenekinia loea i hana ma kahi hale hana ʻenekini no iwakālua mau makahiki. "Ma mua, pono e hoʻololi ʻia nā pahi ma hope o kekahi manawa o ka hoʻohana ʻana, akā i kēia manawa hiki iā lākou ke lōʻihi, e hoʻomaikaʻi maoli ana i ka hilinaʻi a me ka pono waiwai o ka mokulele."
Nā noi ma nā wahi āpau, mai ka lani a i ka honua
ʻOi aku ka hiki o ka pauka alumina fused brown ma mua o nā ʻenekini wale nō.
E hoʻomaka kākou me nā mokulele. Hoʻohana nui nā mokulele ohua hou a me nā mokulele hakakā i nā mea i hui pū ʻia, e like me ke kalapona fiber. He māmā a ikaika hoʻi kēia mea, akā he hemahema kona: ʻo nā wahi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ai nā mea like ʻole e maʻalahi i ka delamination. ʻO ka hopena? Ma mua o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana, ua "hoʻopaʻa ʻia" nā ʻili hui me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi slurry abrasive air-pressure kiʻekiʻe e loaʻa ana ka pauka alumina brown fused. ʻAʻole kēia he hoʻopaʻa wale nō; hana ia i nā wahi heleuma he nui ʻole ma ka pae microscopic, e ʻae ana i ka mea hoʻopili e "paʻa" paʻa. Hoʻomaikaʻi kēia hana i ke kūpaʻa luhi o ka pilina ʻēheu-i-fuselage ma mua o 30%.
I kēia manawa, e noʻonoʻo i ka aerospace. Ke hele nā rockets i ka lewa, e hele ana ka cone ihu a me nā ʻaoʻao alakaʻi ʻēheu i ka hoʻāʻo o ka "luku ahi." Maanei, hōʻoia ka pauka micro-alumina brown fused i kona waiwai ma kekahi ʻano ʻē aʻe - hoʻohana ʻia ia ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana hoʻoikaika koʻikoʻi i ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana o nā uhi anti-oxidation. Ke hoʻohui nei iā ia i nā uhi seramika kūikawā a pīpī iā ia ma luna o ka ʻili o nā ʻāpana pale wela, hana kēia kiʻiʻoniʻoni i kahi papa oxide mānoanoa ma nā mahana kiʻekiʻe, e pale pono ana i ka komo ʻana o ka oxygen ma hope a pale i nā mea kūloko mai ka ablation. Me ka ʻole o ia mea, he nui nā mokulele e komo hou ana i ka lewa e "ʻike ʻole ʻia."
Hiki ke loaʻa kona ʻike ma nā satelite a me nā kikowaena lewa. Pono nā bearings a me nā ʻāpana neʻe o kekahi mau mea hana pololei e mālama i ka hana hilinaʻi lōʻihi i ka hakahaka a me nā mahana haʻahaʻa loa o ka lewa. ʻO nā bearings seramika i hoʻopili maikaʻi ʻia me ka pauka alumina ʻeleʻele i hoʻopili ʻia he coefficient haʻahaʻa loa o ka friction a ʻaneʻane ʻaʻohe ʻōpala e hana ai, e lilo ana i "hōʻoia" e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana i ka hana paʻa o kēia mau ʻāpana no nā makahiki he ʻumi a iwakālua paha ma ka orbit.
"Mea Kahiko" Hoʻokō i nā Pilikia o ka "Naʻauao Hou"
ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēia "mea kahiko" i nā wahi koʻikoʻi o ka aerospace ʻaʻole ia he mea maʻalahi e like me ka lawe wale ʻana mai i nā mea abrasives mai kahi hale hana. Nui nā mea paʻakikī e pili ana.
ʻO ka pilikia nui loa ka "maʻemaʻe" a me ka "ʻano like." ʻO ka pauka micro-alumina i hoʻopili ʻia i ka brown e pono ai nonā noi aerospacepono e maʻemaʻe loa, kokoke loa i ka ʻole o nā haumia, no ka mea, hiki i kekahi ʻāpana i makemake ʻole ʻia ke lilo i wahi hoʻomaka no nā māwae ma lalo o ke kaumaha kiʻekiʻe a i ʻole nā mahana kiʻekiʻe. Eia kekahi, pono e like loa ka nui a me ke ʻano o ka ʻāpana; inā ʻaʻole, e loaʻa nā wahi nāwaliwali o ka uhi. "Ua like kēia me ka hana ʻana i kahi keke kiʻekiʻe; ʻaʻole wale ʻoe e pono ai i nā mea hoʻohui maikaʻi loa, akā pono e kānana ʻia ka palaoa me ka maikaʻi loa a like," wahi a kahi ʻenekinia hoʻomalu maikaʻi o nā mea. "ʻOi aku ka paʻakikī o kā mākou kaʻina hana kānana a me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ma mua o nā koi o kahi lumi kuke hōkele ʻelima hōkū."
Eia kekahi, pehea e "hoʻopili" ai i kēia pauka i nā ʻāpana he ʻepekema paʻakikī hoʻi. ʻO ka ʻenehana holomua loa i kēia manawa, ʻo ia ka hoʻopuehu lapalapa supersonic, kahi e hiki ai i nā ʻāpana micro-pauka ke hoʻopilikia i ka substrate i kekahi mau manawa o ka wikiwiki o ke kani, e hopena ana i kahi pilina ikaika a me kahi uhi ʻoi aku ka paʻa.
Pono ka wā e hiki mai ana o ka lani i kēia ʻano "ikaika."
I ka holomua ʻana o ka ʻenehana aerospace i nā palena kiʻekiʻe, wikiwiki, a mamao aku, e lilo nā koi i mea paʻakikī loa. ʻO nā mokulele hypersonic, nā mokulele hiki ke hoʻohana hou ʻia, nā probes ākea hohonu… hilinaʻi kēia mau hōkū e hiki mai ana i ka palekana koʻikoʻi.
ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana opauka liʻiliʻi corundum ʻeleʻeleKe neʻe nei hoʻi i kahi ala akamai a hui pū ʻia. No ka laʻana, ke hoʻāʻo nei nā kānaka ʻepekema e "hoʻohui" iā ia me nā mea ʻē aʻe, a i ʻole e hoʻohui pū me nā mea hou e like me graphene. ʻAʻole wale ka pahuhopu ke kūpaʻa wela kiʻekiʻe, akā ʻo ka hiki ke ʻike akamai i ka pōʻino a me ka hoʻoponopono ponoʻī ʻana i kekahi mau mahana. ʻO ka hanauna hou o nā ʻenekini aero a me nā ʻōnaehana pale wela spaceplane e hoʻohana paha i kēia ʻano uhi i hoʻoikaika ʻia "akamai".
ʻO ka moʻolelo o ka pauka micro-corundum brown he microcosm ia o nā mea ʻoihana Kina he nui: i hānau ʻia mai nā kumu haʻahaʻa, akā ke loaʻa nei kahi kuleana nui ma o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻenehana mau. ʻAʻole paha ia e like me ka nani o nā titanium alloys, ʻaʻole hoʻi e like me ke ʻano o ke kalapona, akā ʻo kēia "ikaika" mālie ma hope o nā hiʻohiʻona e kākoʻo ana i nā moeʻuhane o ke kanaka no ka lele ʻana, e uhaʻi ana i ka lewa a lele i nā wahi mamao loa o ka lewa hohonu.
Ke nānā aku kākou i ka lani hōkū a hoʻohauʻoli no kēlā me kēia hoʻokuʻu holomua, malia paha e hiki iā kākou ke hoʻomanaʻo ma lalo o kēlā ʻālohilohi metala ʻālohilohi, aia nā ʻāpana ʻeleʻele liʻiliʻi he nui ʻole e hoʻomālamalama mālie ana i ko lākou ikaika nui.