Ka Hana Kūikawā o ka Pauka Alumina i nā Mea Optical
I ka wā e pili ana i ka alumina, manaʻo paha ka poʻe he nui i kēlā mea maka ʻoihana keʻokeʻo a paʻakikī, me he mea lā ʻaʻole pili i ka pololei a me ke kahua kiʻekiʻe o ka optics. ʻĀ, e manaʻoʻiʻo ʻoe a ʻaʻole paha, he hoʻohaʻahaʻa nui kēlā. Ke hoʻomaopopo piha ʻoe a hoʻomaʻamaʻa iā ia, ʻoiai ka hoʻokō ʻana i ka maʻemaʻe loa a me ka kaohi pololei i ke ʻano pauka, he mea kupaianaha maoli kona kuleana i ka honua optical, e lilo ia i "hale mana haʻahaʻa."
I. Mai "Tough Guy" a i "Transparent": He Hoʻololi Kupaianaha
Ua ʻike mākou a pau i kēlāʻaluminahe inoa hanohano kona—corundum, me ka paʻakikī Mohs o 9, ʻo ka lua wale nō ma hope o ke daimana, e lilo ia i "kanaka paʻakikī" maoli. He ʻāpana nui ia o nā pōhaku makamae makamae e like me ka sapeiro a me ka ruby. Eia nō naʻe, i nā mea optical, ʻo ka ʻimi nui ʻana ʻaʻole ia he paʻakikī, akā ʻo ka "mālamalama"—ka hoʻoili mālamalama maikaʻi, ka maʻemaʻe, a me ke kūpaʻa.
ʻO kēia kahi e komo mai ai ka ʻenehana. Ma o nā kaʻina hana hoʻomākaukau holomua, e like me ke kuni ʻana i kāohi ʻia o ka alumini maʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe a me nā ʻano hydrolysis kūikawā, hiki iā mākou ke loaʻa ka ultrafine a me ka ultra-uniformpauka aluminame ka maʻemaʻe a hiki i ka 99.99% a i ʻole 99.999%. Mai hoʻohaʻahaʻa i kēia hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka maʻemaʻe; ua like ia me ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka wai muliwai ʻeleʻele i wai puna mauna maopopo, e hōʻemi ana i nā haumia i nā pae liʻiliʻi loa. Ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēia pauka maʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻomaka, ma hope o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana a me ka sintering, hiki iā mākou ke hoʻomākaukau i nā keramika alumina me ka transmittance mālamalama maikaʻi loa.
ʻAʻole kēia keramika he "kanaka ʻino" opaque, akā he "kanaka kāne" translucent a kokoke paha i ka moakāka. Ke ʻālohilohi ke kukui ma luna, ʻae maikaʻi ia i ka hapa nui o ke kukui ʻike ʻia a me ka infrared e hele ma waena, me ka mālama ʻana i ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe kūlohelohe, ka paʻakikī kiʻekiʻe, ke kūpaʻa i ka pala, a me ke kūpaʻa wela kiʻekiʻe o ka alumina. ʻO kēia ʻano "kumu pālua" i hiki ai iā ia ke hoʻokumu koke iā ia iho i loko o ka ʻohana o nā mea optical.
II. Hōʻike nā noi kūpono i ka ikaika maoli: nā kia o kekahi mau wahi koʻikoʻi
He makepono ke kamaʻilio ʻana. ʻO ka hana kupaianaha opauka aluminai nā mea optical ka hopena o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana o ke ao maoli. E nānā kākou i kekahi mau laʻana mai ko kākou ola o kēlā me kēia lā a me nā kahua ʻoihana e hoʻākāka i kēia.
1. Nā Kukui Sodium: ʻO ka "Pale Kaua Moakaka" e Hoʻomālamalama ana i ka Pō
He nui nā kukui alanui ʻālohilohi i nā kūlanakauhale i ka pō he mau kukui sodium kiʻekiʻe. Ua ʻike anei ʻoe ʻaʻole nā ʻōmole mālamalama he aniani maʻamau, akā he ʻōmole keramika translucent? ʻO ka keramika alumina ke kumu nui ma ʻaneʻi.
No ke aha? ʻO ka mea mua, he ʻino loa ka mahu sodium ma lalo o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka mahana a me ke kaomi; ʻaʻole hiki i ke aniani maʻamau ke kū i laila a e "make" i loko o nā lā.ʻAlumina keramika, ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, he kūpaʻa maoli ia i ka palaho, e kūpaʻa mau ana i ke alo o ka "pilikia" o ka mahu sodium. ʻO ka lua, pono ia e hana paʻa no nā wā lōʻihi ma nā mahana e hiki ana i nā tausani degere Celsius, kahi e pono ai ke kūpaʻa wela kiʻekiʻe o ka alumina. ʻO ka mea nui loa, pono ia e ʻae i ka mālamalama ʻike ʻia e hele ma o ka maikaʻi me ka manawa like ʻole e pane ʻole me ka mahu sodium. E like me kāu e ʻike ai, ʻo ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe, ke kūpaʻa kiʻekiʻe o ka palaho, ke kūpaʻa wela kiʻekiʻe, a me ka translucency—ua hui pū ʻia kēia mau koi koʻikoʻi e hana i nā keramika alumina i aneane wale nō ke koho kūpono. ʻO ke kumu o kēia mau mea a pau ka pauka alumina kiʻekiʻe i koho pono ʻia a hoʻomākaukau pono ʻia.
2. Nā Puka makani Infrared a me nā Fairings: ʻO nā "Maka ʻĀlohilohi" o nā Missiles a me nā Detectors
Ma nā kahua koa a me nā kahua aerospace, pono nā mea ʻimi missile a me nā ʻōnaehana ʻike infrared o nā kaʻa kiʻekiʻe a wikiwiki i kahi pale pale, a i ʻole "puka makani" a i ʻole "fairing." ʻOi aku ke kiʻekiʻe o nā koi no kēia: ʻaʻole pono ia e lawa ka ikaika e kū i ka ʻino ʻana o ke kahe ʻana o ke ea wikiwiki a me ka hopena o nā kulu ua a me ka lepo, akā pono hoʻi e hoʻouna i ka mālamalama infrared i nā nalu kikoʻī, e ʻae ana i nā mea ʻike kūloko e "ʻike" i ke ao waho.
ʻO kēia kahi e kū hou ai nā keramika alumina moakaka a translucent paha. Ua lawa kona paʻakikī e kūʻē i ka ʻino ʻana o nā wahi ʻino, a he maikaʻi loa kāna hana hoʻoili infrared, ʻoiai ma nā kāʻei infrared waena a me ka infrared mamao. E noʻonoʻo i kahi missile e lele ana ma ka lewa pō ākea. ʻO kona "maka" he fairing i hana ʻia me ka keramika alumina, e pale ana i ka ʻōnaehana optical kikoʻī kūloko a alakaʻi pololei i ka missile i kāna pahuhopu. ʻOi aku kēia kuleana kaumaha ma mua o nā hiki o nā mea maʻamau.
3. Nā Substrates a me nā Hāmeʻa Kiʻekiʻe: ʻO ke "Pae Paʻa" o ka Honua Optical Circuit Integrated
Me ka holomua o ka ʻenehana, pono pinepine nā mea e like me nā LED, nā laser, a me nā mea ʻike optical i kahi "kahua" paʻa loa, pālahalaha, hoʻokaʻawale, a me ka hoʻokele wela e hana ai. ʻO nā substrates keramika alumina kēia "kahua" kūpono.
Pēlā nō, ʻo ke ʻano o kēia "kahua" e hilinaʻi pololei ana i ke ʻano o kāna "piliki" - ʻo ia hoʻipauka aluminaʻO ka maʻemaʻe pauka kiʻekiʻe ka hopena i kahi ʻili laumania, e like me ke aniani ma luna o ka substrate sintered, e hōʻemi ana i ka hoʻomālamalama ʻana o ka mālamalama a me ka hoʻopilikia ʻana o ka conduction; ʻo nā ʻāpana pauka like a maikaʻi hoʻi e hōʻoia i kahi ʻano sintered paʻa, me ka ʻole o nā pores a me nā hemahema ʻē aʻe, e hopena ana i ka insulation uila maikaʻi loa a me ka conductivity thermal. ʻO ke kaapuni paʻakikī ma kā mākou kelepona paʻalima paha e pili ana i kona ola ʻana i nā substrates keramika alumina, ʻoiai ua hūnā ʻia lākou mai ka ʻike ʻana. III. No ke aha? E kamaʻilio kākou e pili ana i kāna "holomua" Intrinsic
Ma hope o ke kūkākūkā ʻana i nā noi he nui, e nānā hou kākou i ke kumu he mea kupaianaha ka pauka alumina. ʻO ka mea hope loa, ma muli ia o kāna mau waiwai kūloko maikaʻi loa, e hoʻokō pono ana i nā koi koʻikoʻi o nā mea optical:
Hana Optical Controllable: Ma ka kaohi ʻana i ka maʻemaʻe o ka pauka, ka nui o ka ʻāpana, a me ke kaʻina hana sintering, hiki ke kaohi pololei ʻia ka transmittance a me ka refractive index o ka huahana seramika hope loa i nā kāʻei ultraviolet, visible, a me infrared.
Ikaika Mechanical Kūikawā: ʻO ka paʻakikī kiʻekiʻe, ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe, a me ka paʻakikī kiʻekiʻe e hoʻoikaika ai a loaʻa ke ola lawelawe lōʻihi.
Nā ʻAno Kemika Paʻa: Paʻa loa, ʻaʻole maʻalahi ka pane ʻana me nā waikawa, alkalis, paʻakai, a me ka hapa nui o nā mea kemika, a hiki ke kū i nā ʻano ʻino like ʻole.
Kūlana Paʻa Wela Maikaʻi Loa: Me kahi kiko heheʻe ma luna o 2050 ℃ a me kahi coefficient haʻahaʻa o ka hoʻonui wela, ʻaneʻane ʻaʻole loli kona ʻano a me kona nui i nā mahana kiʻekiʻe, a he kūpaʻa haʻalulu wela maikaʻi hoʻi (ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻaʻole makaʻu i nā loli koke o ka mahana).
He poʻokela o ka insulation uila: ʻO kona resistivity kiʻekiʻe e hoʻolilo ia i mea insulator maikaʻi loa, he mea nui i nā ʻōnaehana optoelectronic i hoʻohui ʻia.
E like me kāu e ʻike ai, ʻo kēia mau waiwai i hui pū ʻia e hana ia me he mea lā i hana kūikawā ʻia no nā noi optical kūikawā he nui. Eia kekahi, i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā mea optical ʻē aʻe e like me nā kristal sapphire hoʻokahi, ʻo ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā keramika aniani mai ka pauka e hāʻawi i nā pono koʻikoʻi a me ka maʻalahi i ka kaohi ʻana i ke kumukūʻai a me ka hana ʻana o nā ʻano paʻakikī a me nā huahana nui. No laila, mai hoʻowahāwahā hou i ka pauka alumina!